There are two important components in a solar power system,solar controller and solar inverter, these two parts are used to connect solar panels, batteries and your logds.
A solar controller (charge controller, solar charge controller, solar charger controller) is used in conjunction with a stand alone system, or a grid connect solar power system with battery for backup. solar controller is not required in a grid-tie connected system.
A solar controller is a small box situated between the solar panel and your batteries. Its role is to control the amount of charge coming from the panel that enters into the battery bank to ensure that it doesn't overcharge the batteries. A controller can also offer a direct connection to load; such as, you can run appliances directly from it, bypassing the battery bank; but the batteries will continue to be charged.
Solar controller is responsible for converting solar energy into electricity to charge the battery or the inverter in the system, It's important to pick a solar controller that provides reliable solar battery charging, diversion regulation, and load control.
The solar controllers of today are highly efficient also much more cheaper than before, to calculate the controller size for your system, you need check your solar panels and add up the amp ratings of your solar panels.
I have a 130 watt panel, which is rated to around 7.8 amps. Considering I'll add another panel in the future, that means the controller I needed had to be able to handle at least 16 amps, and just to be safe, I bought a 20 amp solar controller. That's an important point - to take into account your future needs which will save you money as you upgrade your system.
A solar controller is maintenance-free; you just need to check the connections regularly and ensure where you have it situated there's air flow and it's not placed in direct sunlight. While they are quite robust, extreme summer heat can affect a solar controller's performance and shorten the serviceable life.
By the way, always place an appropriately rated fuse between the solar panel and the controller to help reduce fire risk, protect your batteries, controller and any appliances you're running.
Then for solar inverter, normally the current produced by a panel (and consequently from a deep cycle battery) is DC (Direct Current). While there's many appliances available that will run directly from DC; most household appliances that you plug into an ordinary wall socket require AC (Alternating Current). In order to switch the current type, you'll need a power inverter.
The inverter sits between the solar panels and your mains wiring in a mains grid connect system, or between the batteries and your appliances in a stand alone power setup. In the case of grid connect, the inverter feeds any surplus power your panel has generated directly into the power grid for use by other customers - no; the utility doesn't get it for free - you get a credit for the electricity you've contributed, and in some countries you'll even get paid extra.
Moreover, cheap inverters do not seem to like ac adaptors running off them, such as those used for power supplies for notebooks. The inverter gets quite warm, to the point of tripping out if it's a hot day. That heat is also just wasted energy.
A solar power converter helps in getting this job done, and the size of the converter/inverter that you'll require will primarily depend upon the peak load of power consumed in your home; you can find it out by adding up the wattage of all the main appliances that you use, such as the AC, refrigerator, TV, microwave, washing machine, dishwasher etc.
Integration of a solar system that still uses grid power doesn't necessary require an external battery for storing the charge, and an inverter should serve the purpose.
The size of the inverter you'll need will depend upon your peak load, such as, the total number of watts you might be using at any given point in time. For example, if you'll be wanting to watch TV while the washing machine is going, lights are on etc.; you'll need to add up the watts of all those appliances and select an inverter rated to that wattage.
It doesn't hurt to go a little larger too in case you need the extra power at some stage and also, electrical appliances can consume far more than their rating when they are first switched on.
As with a solar controller an inverter is maintenance free.
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